The central dogma of molecular biology was first enunciated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970:
- The central dogma of molecular biology deals with anhe detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid.
In other words, 'once information gets into protein, it can't flow back to nucleic acid.
The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information between sequential information-carrying biopolymers, in the most common or general case, in living organisms. There are 3 major classes of such biopolymers: DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein. There are 3×3 = 9 conceivable direct transfers of information that can occur between these. The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3: 3 general transfers (believed to occur normally in most cells), 3 special transfers (known to occur, but only under specific conditions in case of some viruses or in a laboratory), and 3 unknown transfers (believed to never occur). The general transfers describe the normal flow of biological information: DNA can be copied to DNA (DNA replication), DNA information can be copied into mRNA, (transcription), and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template (translation).Biological sequence information
Main article: Primary structure Biopolymers are biological polymers. That is, they are molecules made up of building blocks known as monomers. The biopolymers DNA, RNA and proteins, are linear polymers (ie: each monomer connects to at most two other monomers). The sequence, or arrangement of their monomers, effectively encodes information. The transfers of information described by the central dogma are faithful, deterministic transfers, wherein one biopolymer's sequence is used as a template for the construction of another biopolymer with a sequence that is entirely dependent on the original biopolymer's.
General transfers of biological sequential information
| General | Special | Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| DNA → DNA | RNA → DNA | protein → DNA |
| DNA → RNA | RNA → RNA | protein → RNA |
| RNA → protein | DNA → protein | protein → protein |
As the final step in the Central Dogma, to transmit the genetic information between parents and progeny, the DNA must be replicated faithfully. Replication is carried out by a complex group of proteins that unwind the superhelix, unwind the double-stranded DNA helix, and, using DNA polymerase and its associated proteins, copy or replicate the master template itself so the cycle can repeat DNA → RNA → protein in a new generation of cells or organisms.
Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is transferred to a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is facilitated by RNA polymerase and transcription factors. In eukaryote cells the primary transcript (pre-mRNA) is often processed further via alternative splicing. In this process, blocks of mRNA are cut out and rearranged, to produce different arrangements of the original sequence.
Translation
Eventually, this mature mRNA finds its way to a ribosome, where it is translated. In prokaryotic cells, which have no nuclear compartment, the process of transcription and translation may be linked together. In eukaryotic cells, the site of transcription (the cell nucleus) is usually separated from the site of translation (the cytoplasm), so the mRNA must be transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it can be bound by ribosomes. The mRNA is read by the ribosome as triplet codons, usually beginning with an AUG, or initiator methonine codon downstream of the ribosome binding site. Complexes of initiation factors and elongation factors bring aminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs) into the ribosome-mRNA complex, matching the codon in the mRNA to the anti-codon in the tRNA, thereby adding the correct amino acid in the sequence encoding the gene. As the amino acids are linked into the growing peptide chain, they begin folding into the correct conformation. This folding continues until the nascent polypeptide chains are released from the ribosome as a mature protein. In some cases the new polypeptide chain requires additional processing to make a mature protein. The correct folding process is quite complex and may require other proteins, called chaperone proteins. Occasionally proteins themselves can be further spliced, when this happens the inside "discarded" section is known as an intein.
Special transfers of biological sequential informationReverse transcription
Reverse transcription is the transfer of information from RNA to DNA (the reverse of normal transcription). This is known to occur in the case of retroviruses, such as HIV, and, in higher eukaryotes, in the case of retrotransposons. It is not, however, the general case in most living organisms.
RNA replicationRNA replication is the copying of one RNA to another. It is possible that this is the mechanism by which some RNA viruses replicate.
Direct translation from DNA to protein
Direct translation from DNA to protein has been demonstrated in a cell-free system (i.e. in a test tube), using extracts from E. Coli that contained ribosomes, but not intact cells. These cell fragments could express proteins from foreign DNA templates, and neomycin was found to enhance this effect.
MY INSIGHTS................ For me...this is one of my favorite topic about genetics because it is easy(except the protein synthesis). You should write only the A, G, C, T (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine)in DNA Replication and after that you will write again A, G, C, but instead of T(thymine), you will write U(Uracil) after the Adenine for RNA Transcription then RNA Translation, and last but not the least, the Protein synthesis. You will write what protein synthesis is your DNA. It is hard because it is many and i can't memorize it....the one that i only memorize is the book of charles darwin that ms. steh(our biology teacher) told us."On the origin of species by means of natural selection, preservation of favored races in the struggle for life"(ayos b?)that's all of my insights.....hope you like my blog.........
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
No comments:
Post a Comment